Nuestra Familia

Nuestra Familia (Spanish language|Spanish for &quot;Our Family&quot;) is a criminal organization of Mexican American (Chicano) prison gangs with origins in Northern California&lt;ref name=&quot;Press Democrat&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. While members of the Norteños gang are considered to be affiliated with Nuestra Familia, being a member of Nuestra Familia itself does not signify association as a Norteño. Some law enforcement agents speculate that the Norteños were possibly a spin-off of Nuestra Familia in an attempt to divert prison official attention from NF&lt;ref name=&quot;Prison Gangs&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Origins
Nuestra Familia was organized in either the Folsom, California or Soledad, California Correctional Training Facilities in 1968.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prison Gangs&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Modern Prison Gangs&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

In the late 1960s, Mexican-American (Chicano) inmates of the California state prison system began to separate into two rival groups, Nuestra Familia&lt;ref name=&quot;Press Democrat&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; and the 1957-formed Mexican Mafia, according to the locations of their hometowns (the north-south dividing line is near Delano, California).

Nuestra Familia were prison enemies of the Southern Latinos who comprised La Eme, better known as the Mexican Mafia. While the Mexican Mafia had initially been created to protect Mexicans in prison, there was a perceived level of abuse by members of La Eme towards the imprisoned Latinos from rural farming areas of Northern California&lt;ref name=&quot;Herald&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. The spark that led to the ongoing war between Nuestra Familia and members of the Mexican Mafia involved a situation in which a member of La Eme allegedly stole a pair of shoes from a Northerner. This event put into motion the longest-running gang war in the state of California.&lt;ref name=&quot;Herald&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Operation Black Widow
Federal law enforcement agencies, long unable to infiltrate Nuestra Familia, began to step up their investigations in the late 1990s. In 2000 and 2001, 22 members were indictment|indicted on RICO (law)|racketeering charges, including several who were allegedly serving as high-ranking gang leaders while confined in Pelican Bay&lt;ref name=&quot;Press Democrat&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Thirteen of the defendants pleaded guilty; the other cases are still ongoing. Two of the defendants face the death penalty for ordering murders related to the drug trade. The largest of the federal investigations was Operation Black Widow&lt;ref name=&quot;Press Democrat&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. At the time of Operation Black Widow, law enforcement officials had estimated that Nuestra Familia was responsible for at least 600 murders in the previous 30 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ashcroft&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Renewed Organization
In the aftermath of Operation Black Widow, the five highest ranking leaders of Nuestra Familia were transferred to a federal supermaximum prison in Florence, Colorado&lt;ref name=&quot;Monterey&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. The written constitution of the Norteños stated that the leadership of the gang reside in Pelican Bay State Prison in California; the relocation of the gang's leaders led to the confusion of its soldiers and a power struggle of prospective generals.&lt;ref name=&quot;Monterey&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Three new generals came to power at Pelican Bay, yet two were demoted, leaving only David &quot;DC&quot; Cervantes as the highest ranking member of the gang in California&lt;ref name=&quot;Monterey&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Cervantes' rise marked the first time in decades that the Nortenos had a single leader at the helm of their criminal organization&lt;ref name=&quot;Monterey&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. The remaining leadership of the organization in Pelican Bay consists of Daniel &quot;Stork&quot; Perez, Anthony &quot;Chuco&quot; Guillen and George &quot;Puppet&quot; Franco. While all Nuestra Familia soldiers and captains in California are expected to follow the orders of Cervantes, a small percentage of the gang remains loyal to the former generals and captains imprisoned in Colorado&lt;ref name=&quot;Monterey&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger has complained that keeping the five remaining gang leaders located in the same prison continues to add to California gang violence, and that they should be scattered throughout different prisons. While the recognized leaders of Nuestra Familia in Pelican Bay ask that members respect the former leaders, they have been effectively stripped of their authority&lt;ref name=&quot;Monterey&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. The former leaders include James &quot;Tibbs&quot; Morado, Joseph &quot;Pinky&quot; Hernandez, Gerald &quot;Cuete&quot; Rubalcaba, Cornelio Tristan, and Tex Marin Hernandez.

Membership
While Nuestra Familia is primarily a Chicano gang, membership sometimes extends to other Latinos as well as non-Latinos. Members of the organization are considered to have taken a &quot;blood oath&quot; to join the gang, and are considered lifelong participants&lt;ref name=&quot;Prison Gangs&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nuestra Familia's written constitution allegedly states that no member should prioritize women, money or drugs over their membership in the gang&lt;ref name=&quot;Reynolds&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Membership in the gang extends beyond prison.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prison Gangs&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Women are not allowed to become full-fledged members of Nuestra Familia, but are sometimes used for communication and drug-running purposes as they are considered less likely to be noticed by law enforcement agents.&lt;ref name=&quot;Reynolds&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Symbols
Members of Nuestra Familia are known to wear red bandanas to identify themselves&lt;ref name=&quot;Prison Gangs&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Other symbols include use of the number 14, as the letter &quot;N&quot; is the 14th letter of the English alphabet&lt;ref name=&quot;Prison Gangs&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;. Nuestra Familia members often use the image of a sombrero with a dagger as their gang symbol&lt;ref name=&quot;Prison Gangs&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;.

Allies and Rivals
The primary rivals of Nuestra Familia are the Mexican Mafia. Other rivals include the Texas Syndicate, Mexikanemi, F-14s (Fresno Bulldogs) and the Aryan Brotherhood.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prison Gangs&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Nuestra Familia has a loose alliance with the Black Guerrilla Family prison gang, primarily as the response of sharing similar enemies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prison Gangs&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;